What is the primary risk associated with electrical stimulation?

The primary risk associated with electrical stimulation techniques, particularly in therapeutic and clinical settings, is skin irritation or burns. This can occur due to improper application of electrical current, prolonged exposure, or using equipment that is not well-maintained. The skin is often the first point of contact with electrical stimulation, and if not properly insulated or if the electrodes are not placed correctly, it can lead to discomfort, redness, or even second-degree burns.

While other risks, such as cardiac arrest, muscle spasms, and joint dislocation, are possible in certain circumstances, they are generally more associated with specific conditions or improper use of electrical stimulation devices in vulnerable populations. For instance, individuals with pre-existing heart conditions or pacemakers may experience heightened risk from electrical currents affecting heart rhythms. However, these situations are not a primary concern for most practitioners when considering routine electrical stimulation treatments. Therefore, skin irritation or burns is recognized as the most immediate and common risk encountered in regular applications of electrical stimulation.